Joint Education Initiative/Joint Education Initiative.iso/dos/user_doc/nodc.doc

Text File | 1990-06-25 | 32KB | 800 lines

1. INTRODUCTION

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) is the United
States national facility established to acquire, process, store,
and disseminate global oceanographic data.  NODC's master files
and other archive holdings include data collected by U.S. federal
agencies; state and local government agencies; universities and
research institutions; foreign government agencies and
institutions; and private industry. NODC operates as an
organizational component of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) and the National Satellite,Data and
Information Service (NESDIS).  Currently, NODC maintains a
digital archive of both earth-sensed and satellite-sensed ocean
data in excess of 25 Gigabytes.  A potential additional 10
Gigabytes of digital data are currently maintained in analog form
such as data reports, manuscripts, and analog instrument
recordings.  With the establishment of NODC data management
procedures for ocean observing satellites, including non-NOAA
geostationary and orbiting platforms; for new global collection
efforts, including the Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS), the World
Ocean Climate Experiment (WOCE), and NOAA's Climate and Global
Change Project; and for new U. S. coastal ocean studies,
including CoastWatch and the Coastal Ocean Program, this archive
is expected to increase twentyfold between FY90 and FY95.

In 1988 the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) initiated a
project to produce its first ocean data compact disc.  Over a
period of several months in early 1989, the NODC selected and
edited the data and arranged for mastering and production of the
disc, which was designated as NODC-01, Thermal-Salinity Profiles
of the Pacific Ocean.  NODC developed this disc to test the
feasibility and practicality of distributing large portions of
its digital oceanographic database for use with desktop
microprocessors.  The medium of compact disc-read only memory
(CD-ROM)  has already received acceptance in the scientific and
technical community as a standard for data and information
access.  Acceptance of NODC-01 by the oceanographic community has
stimulated theData Center to produce a series of CD-ROMs
containing major portions of its physical, chemical, and
biological data holdings.  These discs are scheduled to be made
available on a scheduled basis beginning in October, 1990 with
the production of NODC-02, Thermal-Salinity Profiles for the
Atlantic Ocean.

NODC-01 contains over 1.3 million Pacific Ocean temperature-depth
and salinity-depth profiles taken between 1900 and 1988.  Most of
the profiles were taken by means of bottle casts and mechanical
and expendable bathythermographs.  A smaller number of
observations were taken using
conductivity/salinity-temperature-depth (C/STD) profilers. The
data were submitted to the NODC by a wide range of federal,
national, and international institutions.  They represent the
results of hundreds of scientific investigators, millions of
miles of ship tracks, and untold work hours of collection,
analysis, and processing.
With the exception of data transcribed from ship broadcast radio
messages, all of the profiles have received some measure of
scientific and logical quality testing before inclusion in the
NODC database.  Data known to be of questionable quality were not
candidates for the disc and were eliminated.  In addition, data
selected for possible inclusion on the CD-ROM were passed through
a coarse statistical screen, eliminating about three percent of
the available observations.  Undoubtedly, a small percentage of
profiles resident on the CD would not pass a rigorous scientific
quality evaluation.  NODC hopes that the unprecedented ease of
access to its data afforded by CD-ROM technology will enable the
user community to identify profiles that should be either
"flagged" or purged from the global archives.

The disc was produced using the ISO 9660 formatting standard.  It
may be read by all CD-ROM players capable of using this or the
previous High Sierra standard.  The physical format is similar to
that of other MS-DOS compatible media, having directories and
subdirectories recognizable to the operating system.  The profile
data are formatted in ASCII, recognizable to most personal
computer languages, including FORTRAN, C, Pascal, and BASIC.
Thus, the data can be easily accessed and manipulated by a
limitless variety of "user-created" software modules.

As part of the Joint Education Initiative (JEdI) Prject,
NODC has contributed a sample of ocean profile data from
NODC-01 to be used in the first series of JEDI discs.  Software
to access and display the data accompany the profiles.

2.  NODC JEdI DISC CONTENTS

The data selected for the JEdI CD-ROM were derived
from NODC's six major  temperature and salinity profile data
files. These files contain:

     1.   Oceanographic station (Nansen cast) data (SD2);

     2.   Low-resolution conductivity/salinity-temperature-depth
     (C/STD) data (C/STD with parameter values at selected depths
     derived from original high resolution profiles);

     3.   Mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) data;

     4.   Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data;

     5.   Selected-level bathythermograph (SBT) data (XBT data
     submitted to NODC at user-specified depths rather than at
     inflection points) ; and

     6.   Radio message bathythermograph (IBT)  data.

Again, except for the IBT temperature profiles, most of the data
have undergone some degree of NODC quality checking before
inclusion in the data archives.  For BT data this included
logical testing for valid (in water) positions; parameter values
within normal minimum/maximum temperature ranges; observed depths
not exceeding bathymetric depth; and reasonable vessel speed of
advance.  SD2 and C/STD data are screened by NODC oceanographic
staff who set quality flags in the data record to denote
questionable parameter values.  During the selection process for
data to be recorded on the CD-ROM disc, depth levels having
either doubtful or missing parameter values were excluded.

The area selected for the project is the Pacific Ocean rim along
the California to Alaska coastline and an area along the Peru and
Ecuador coastline.  These areas are subsets of the NODC Compact
Disc NODC-01, Thermal-Salinity Profiles of the Pacific Ocean.
The data are organized by ten-degree latitude-longitude squares,
which are identified using the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) ten-degree square numbering scheme (Appendix A).  As the
data were being selected and reviewed for placement on CD-ROM,
considerable variation in the temperature and salinity value
ranges within ten-degree squares was noted. These variations
suggested positional errors in the data or, in the case of radio
message data (IBT), erroneous encoding/transmission of values. To
try eliminating these questionable profiles, statistical files of
temperature and salinity were computed for each ten-degree
square.  For each observed depth level with a sufficient number
of available observations from the surface to 2999 meters,
minimum and maximum parameter values were computed along with the
number of values, sum, sum of squares, mean, and standard
deviation.

The standard deviation was computed and the test performed at
each depth level only if there were at least five parameter
values available.  Therefore, there are a few profiles on the
CD-ROM with observed data levels for which this statistical
screening could not be performed and with unreasonable
temperature or salinity values.

The development of the ten-degree square statistics files was an
iterative process.  Although only two files (SD2 and C/STD)
provided salinity profiles, temperature profiles were available
from all six files.  Statistics files for temperature and
salinity were first computed using only the data from the
Oceanographic Station Data File--the NODC file having the highest
scientific confidence level. For each ten-degree square the
selected SD2 data was then tested against the statistical
summaries.  If parameter values (either temperature or salinity)
at any depth level exceeded plus or minus four standard
deviations, the entire cast or station was deleted.

The C/STD, XBT, and SBT data sets were next selected and
evaluated in that order.  In each case the selected data set was
used to augment the ten-degree square statistics files, and then
those profiles were compared to the augmented, composite files.
For example, C/STD temperature values and salinity values were
evaluated against statistics files computed from both SD2 and
C/STD data.  The order for this evaluation was determined by the
quality and volume of data.  SD2 contributed the greatest number
of profiles.

C/STD profiles, although significantly fewer in number, have
quality comparable to the SD2 data.  XBT and SBT temperature
profiles are considered of comparable quality that is higher than
that of either the MBT or IBT data.   The MBT and IBT data sets
are of lower quality and were screened using the statistics
files, but their data values were not used to recompute the
temperature statistics files.

3. NODC JEdI DISC DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

Operating within the MS-DOS environment, the NODC files have the
following data directory structure:

     NODC Directory.     Five files are located in this
                         directory:

          PROFSEL.EXE is the NODC temperature-salinity profile
          access and display software module designed for use
          with the JEDI compact disc.

          HELP.NDX is the menu help screen file used by PROFSEL.

          ONESQ is a random access file containing counts of
          stations by NODC data file segregated by one-degree
          latitude/longitude squares (see Appendix A for a
          description of the algorithm used to create access
          codes).

          SHIP.DAT is a random access file containing a
          cross-reference of NODC vessel names and platform
          codes.

          README.DOC is a copy of this document in MS-DOS text
          form.


     SD2 Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files. Each
                         file contains data from the NODC
                         Oceanographic Station Data File for a
                         single ten-degree latitude/longitude
                         square.  A sample file name is:

                              SD27214.ROM

                         where:

                              SD2 = Identifier for the
                              Oceanographic Station Data File.

                              7214 = WMO ten-degree square
                              number, which is determined as
                              follows:

                         7 = Quadrant 1 (North Latitude, West
                             Longitude)

                         2 = 20 N to 30 N Latitude

                         14 = 140 E to 150 W Longitude

                              ROM = File extension indicating
                              data residing on the CD-ROM disc.

     STD Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files. Each
                         file contains NODC Low Resolution C/STD
                         data for a single ten-degree
                         latitude/longitude square.  The file
                         naming convention is the same as that of
                         the SD2 directory except that the three
                         leading characters are STD. As an
                         example:

                              STD7214.ROM

     MBT Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files.  Each
                         file contains NODC Mechanical
                         Bathythermograph data for a single ten
                         degree latitude/longitude square.  The
                         file naming convention is the same as
                         that of the SD2 directory except that
                         the three leading characters are MBT. As
                         an example:

                              MBT7214.ROM

     XBT Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files.  Each
                         file contains NODC Expendable
                         Bathythermograph data for a single
                         ten-degree latitude/longitude square.
                         The file naming convention is the same
                         as that of the SD2 directory except that
                         the three leading characters are XBT. As
                         an example:

                              XBT7214.ROM

     SBT Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files.  Each
                         file contains NODC Selected-Level
                         Bathythermograph data for a single
                         ten-degree latitude/longitude square.
                         The file naming convention is the same
                         as that of the SD2 directory except that
                         the three leading characters are SBT. As
                         an example:

                              SBT7214.ROM

     IBT Subdirectory.   This directory contains 10 files.  Each
                         file contains NODC Radio Message
                         Bathythermograph data for a single
                         ten-degree latitude/longitude square.
                         The file naming convention is the same
                         as that of the SD2 directory except that
                         the three leading characters are IBT.
                         As an example:

                              IBT1214.ROM


4.  FILE STRUCTURE/FORMAT

All temperature and temperature/salinity profile data appear on
the disk with a .ROM suffix.  These files are written as a series
of variable length ASCII records. Storing the data as binary
records or using available compression/compaction routines were
not considered. We felt that an ASCII representation would allow
users more freedom to choose from a variety of software to make
use of the profile data and information. Data copied from the
CD-ROM to diskette or hard disk can be manipulated by most text
editors, list processors, word processors, and other commercial
data or text manipulation packages.

In each .ROM file physical records represent a complete profile
or observed station.  The first thirty-six (36) characters
represent the profile "header" and contain descriptive
information about the profile, including date-time, position,
vessel, instrument/data type, NODC cruise and station number, and
the number of observed depth levels. Characters 37 through the
end of the record contain measured parameters in a series of
repeating groups.  For SD2 and STD data records, each repeating
group is twelve (12) characters long representing depth,
temperature, and salinity as three four-byte fields.
Bathythermograph records (MBT, XBT, SBT, and IBT)  have repeating
groups of eight (8) characters representing only depth and
temperature.  The actual record length will correspond to either
8 or 12 times the number of observed levels plus the 36-byte
header.  A detailed record layout for .ROM files can be found in
Appendix B, Tables B.1 through B.3.



5.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The minimum hardware requirements for accessing NODC data and
information from are:

     - CD-ROM reader capable of accessing a disc formatted with
     the ISO 9660 standard

     - Microsoft MS-DOS Extensions for CD-ROM, Version 2.0 or
     higher

In addition, to execute the NODC companion software, the
following are required:

     -  640 Kb of memory, with at least 500 Kb available
     - EGA or VGA graphics adapter

     - EGA, VGA,  or multi-synchronous color graphics monitor



6.  NODC DATA ACCESS AND DISPLAY SOFTWARE (PROFSEL)

The NODC portion of the JEdI disk contains an executable software
module, PROFSEL, for accessing and displaying data from and
information about the NODC profiles as well as various files
required by the CD-ROM software.  PROFSEL is a JEDI-specific
version of the software created for accessing data from the NODC-
01 compact disc, NODCSEL.  PROFSEL and NODCSEL are NOT
interchangeable.  Additionally, a copy of this document appears
in MS-DOS text format (as a ubiquitous file README.DOC) and may
be browsed with various text editors or list processors.

The software was written in QuickBASIC and PASCAL and designed to
be "User friendly".  The modules is screen and menu oriented.
The user is generally provided with enough information to make
practical use of the module at the first sitting.  PROFSEL, has
built-in help screens.  As with most software, a bit of practice
should enable users to become quite comfortable with this
routine.

PROFSEL is executed by moving to the NODC Directory on the JEDI
compact disc and entering:

          NODCSEL

followed by a CR or Enter.

The user is prompted through a series of menus to provide the
detailed selection criteria desired.  At any point in the
selection menu process the user may respond with the letter "H"
or the F1 function key to display a single page "help" screen.
These screens are designed to provide more detailed information
about the selection prompting process.

As each data selection and plotting option is chosen, the
selection criteria are displayed on the right side of the screen.
At the termination of the selection process, the user is
requested to review the options chosen and to make a final
decision as to whether to continue or to restart the selection
process.

Many of the data selection/data display options have default
settings.  Where defaults exist, the default values are displayed
on the prompting screen. Pressing a CR or Enter key will select
the default values.  As the user makes selections, those
selections become the default values. This feature allows for
ease of changing one or two options on a second or third pass
through the selection process by merely pressing the CR or Enter
key at each non-changing option.

PROFSEL enables users to:

     Display, subset, or display and subset profile data from the
     CD;

     Select from any, all, or any combination of the six data
     types;

     Select data from any of ten WMO ten-degree square;

     Select data by inclusive dates, by single years, or by
     months for all years;

     Select data by vessel, identified either by NODC shipcode or
     by ship name;

     Select data by NODC Country Code (see Appendix C);

     Select data by NODC Cruise Number;

     Select data for profiles deeper than a user selected minimum
     depth;

     Plot temperature-depth profiles with user selected ranges,
     and, where appropriate, to plot salinity-depth or
     temperature-depth profiles; and

     Select and display data through various combinations of the
     above.

The profile plotting options provide a two-screen, EGA color
display. Selected profiles are displayed at user chosen speeds on
the main screen. For temperature-depth (T-Z), salinity-depth
(S-Z), and temperature-salinity (T-S) plots, the user may toggle
to the secondary screen to display the actual data values for the
profile plotted on the main screen. For combination plots
displaying all profile options, the main screen displays T-S
curves while the secondary screen displays T-Z and S-Z curves. No
data value display is available with this option.

For all plotting options the main screen is divided into three
segments. The left portion of the screen displays the selected
profile, either T-Z, S-Z, or T-S curves. For combination plots
the T-S curve is plotted. The upper right portion of the screen
displays information from the profile header for the plotted
data. The lower right portion displays the geographic area
selected (i.e., the WMO ten-degree square.)  As each station is
plotted, its location is highlighted.

During plotting the user controls various operations by means of
the keyboard function keys. The developers have reserved some of
these keys for future enhancements. PROFSEL uses the following
keys:

     F1 - Pressing this key during T-Z, S-Z, or T-S plotting
          toggles to the data value display screen while plotting
          pauses. All header and profile information is
          displayed. For stations with more depth values than can
          be displayed on one page, an option exists to display
          the remainder on further pages. Pressing any
          non-function key while viewing the data display page
          will return to the main screen and resume plotting.

          If the user has chosen the combination option of
          displaying all three types of curves (T-Z, S-Z, and
          T-S), the F1 key has no effect.

     F2 - Not Used

     F3 - Pressing this key during plotting freezes the screen.

     F4 - Pressing this key after the F3 key has been pressed
          resumes plotting.

     F5 - Data are plotted at a range of ten speeds, each speed
          represented by a delay indicator value from 0 through
          9.  This value is displayed in the upper right hand
          portion of the screen.  Initially, all plots begin with
          a mid-range setting of 4.  Pressing this key will
          increase the plotting speed (decreasing the delay
          indicator).  Once a value of zero (0) has been reached,
          this key has no further effect.

     F6 - Pressing this key reverses the action of the F5 key and
          decreases the data plotting speed (increasing the delay
          indicator value).  Once the maximum value of nine (9)
          has been reached, this key no further effect.

     F7 - For T-Z, S-Z, and T-S combination plots, pressing this
          key toggles between display screens.  For all other
          plotting options, this key has no effect.

     F8 - Not Used

     F9 - Pressing this key during plotting terminates the plot
          and returns the user to the selection menu.  If the
          user specifies data subsetting while plotting, the
          output file is closed at the last profile that was
          plotted.

    F10 - Pressing this key during plotting terminates the plot
          and the program. As with the F9 key, any output files
          are closed at the point of termination, however the
          user is returned to the system prompt.

By virtue of being a menu driven module, PROFSEL is easier to
operate than to explain.  By exercising the program's various
options and observing the results, users should quickly become
familiar with its operation and comfortable with its use.


7.  SOFTWARE UPDATES AND SOURCE CODE

Although source code is not supplied with the software
diskette, it is  also available.  Requests  should be
directed to:

               National Oceanographic Data Center
               ADP Support Division  E/OC3
               1825 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
               Washington, DC  20235


8.  USER EVALUATION

The National Oceanographic Data Center is very much interested in
receiving comments and suggestions from all users who have the
opportunity to use the NODC portion of the JEDI disc and its
accompanying data access and display software.  All comments
and/or criticisms should be forwarded to:

               Mr. Peter J. Topoly
               Office of Systems Planning - E/OCx4
               NOAA/NESDIS/NODC
               1825 Connecticut Ave., NW
               Washington, DC   20235


9. OTHER DATA AVAILABLE FROM NODC

The temperature and salinity profile data on this disc, which
were selected from NODC's Pacific Ocean Data CD-ROM, represent
only a very small fraction of the NODC's data resources.  NODC's
data files contain physical, chemical, and biological
oceanographic data collected in the water column from the sea
surface to the ocean floor.  NODC's major physical-chemical data
files provide global coverage; most of the biological
oceanographic data is from U.S. coastal and continental shelf
areas.

NODC data holdings include:
          -- wind and wave data from ocean buoys and from
          satellites;

          -- surface and subsurface ocean current data from ship
          drift observations, moored current meters, and
          drifting buoys;

          -- sea level data from the Pacific Ocean Sea Level
          Network;

          -- concentrations of nutrients such as nitrate,
          silicate and phosphate;

          -- concentrations of toxic substances and pollutants
          such as hydrocarbons and pesticides; and

          -- observations and measurements on the distibution
          and characteristics of marine organisms such as
          phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, shellfish, and
          marine birds and mammals.

For further information about the data and information products
and services of the NODC, please contact:

              National Oceanographic Data Center
              User Services Branch
              NOAA/NESDIS  E/OC21
              Universal Building, Room 412
              1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW
              Washington, DC  20235

              Telephone:  [phone]


Appendix A.  Data Inventory Algorithm

The data inventory of CD-ROM NODC-01 encompasses an area that
contains 270 ten-degree squares or 27,000 one degree squares. The
file ONESQ.NDX consists of 27,000 records, each consisting of six
two-byte integers representing the profile counts for each
archive data type. The order of the counts within the record is
SD2, C/STD, MBT, XBT, IBT, and SBT.

The following algorithm was used to compute the index or record
number for each one-degree square:

          QUADSTART(1) = 0
          QUADSTART(2) = 49
          QUADSTART(3) = 105
          QUADSTART(4) = 193

          Q = (WMO-QUADRANT + 1) / 2
          IF ( Q < 3 ) THEN
          FACTOR = 7
              LONTEN = TENS OF DEGREES, LONGITUDE - 11
          ELSE
          FACTOR = 11
              LONTEN = TENS OF DEGREES, LONGITUDE - 7
          END IF
          INDEX = ((QUADSTART(Q) + (TENS OF DEGREES, LATITUDE  x
              FACTOR) + LONTEN)  x 100) +  WMO ONE-DEGREE
              EXTENSION + 1


EXAMPLE:   Compute index (record number) for  WMO ten-degree
square 1214, one-degree square extension 53,  (Area from 25_N to
26_N and 143_E to 144_E)*

For WMO one-degree square number 121453:

          Q = (1 + 1)/2 = 1
          FACTOR = 7
          LONTEN = 14 - 11 = 3
          INDEX = ((0 + (2 x 7) + 3) x 100 + 53 + 1 = 1754


(*NOTE:  The four-digit WMO ten-degree square number and the
two-digit WMO one-degree square extension are created as follows:

     WMO ten-degree square:
              Digit 1 = WMO quadrant of globe
                   (1 = NE, 3 = SE, 5 = SW, and 7 = NW)
          Digit 2 = Tens of degrees of latitude
          Digit 3 = Hundreds of degrees of longitude
          Digit 3 = Tens of degrees of longitude

     WMO one-degree square extension:
          Digit 1 = Units of degrees of latitude
          Digit 2 = Units of degrees of longitude

Therefore, for the example above, the WMO ten-degree square
number is given by:  Digit 1 = 1, Digit 2 = 2, Digit 3 = 1,
and Digit 4 = 4, or 1214; the two-digit WMO one-degree
square extension is given by:  Digit 1 = 5 and Digit 2 = 3,
or 53.)


                   Appendix B.  Data Formats

Table B.1    Header Format of .ROM Files

       Starting
Field   Column  Length    Description

WMO QUAD   1      1      WMO quadrant code:    1=northeast
                                               3=southeast
                                               5=southwest
                                               7=northwest

LATITUDE   2      4      Latitude (DDMM)

LONGITUDE  6      5      Longitude (DDDMM)

DATE      11      6      Date (YYMMDD)

TIME      17      3      Time (hours to tenths)

VESSEL    20      4      NODC ship code consisting of a two-character country
                         code and a two-character vessel code

NUMBER OF
GROUPS    24      3      Number of depth-temp or depth-temp-salinity
                         repeating groups

DATA TYPE 27      1      NODC archive data type:  1 = SD2
                                                  2 = C/STD
                                                  3 = MBT
                                                  4 = XBT
                                                  5 = SBT
                                                  6 = IBT

CRUISE    28      5      NODC-assigned cruise reference number

STATION   33      4      NODC-assigned station reference number



Table B.2  Format of Repeating Data Groups for SD2 and STD Files

      Starting
Field       Column Length  Description

DEPTH          37     4    First depth (whole meters)

TEMPERATURE    41     4    First temperature (degrees Centigrade to hundredths)

SALINITY       45     4    First salinity (parts per thousand to hundredths)
         .
         .
         .
(A series of 12-byte long repeating groups of the above start at
byte 37.  The total number of such groups is given in the
header.)


Table E.3  Format of Repeating Data Groups for
Bathythermograph Files

          Starting
Field          Column       Length Description

DEPTH          37      4    First depth (whole meters)

TEMPERATURE    41      4    First temperature (degrees Centigrade to hundredths)
         .
         .
         .
(A series of 8-byte long repeating groups of the above start at
byte 37.  The total number of such groups is given in the header)



Appendix C.  NODC Country Codes

     Code Country

     AL   ALGERIA
     BA   BARBADOS
     BH   BAHAMAS
     BN   BONAIRE
     CA   CURACAO
     CI   CAYMAN ISLANDS
     CR   COSTA RICA
     CU   CUBA
     CY   CYPRUS
     GH   GHANA
     GR   GRENADA
     IC   IVORY COAST
     JA   JAMAICA
     MA   MAURITIUS
     M    MALTA
     MO   MONACO
     MS   MALAYSIA
     NI   NIGERIA
     OM   OMAN
     PA   PANAMA
     RC   CONGO, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF THE
     SE   SENEGAL
     SI   SINGAPORE
     SL   SIERRA LEONE
     SU   SUDAN
     TN   TONGA
     TT   TRINIDAD/TOBAGO
     ZA   TANZANIA
     ZZ   MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS
     06   GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
     07   GERMANY, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
     08   ARGENTINA
     09   AUSTRALIA
     10   AUSTRIA
     11   BELGIUM
     14   BRAZIL
     15   BULGARIA
     18   CANADA
     20   CHILE
     21   TAIWAN
     22   COLOMBIA
     24   KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
     26   DENMARK
     27   ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
     28   ECUADOR
     29   SPAIN
     31   UNITED STATES
     32   UNITED STATES
     34   FINLAND
     35   FRANCE
     36   GREECE
     41   INDIA
     42   INDONESIA
     45   IRELAND
     46   ICELAND
     47   ISRAEL
     48   ITALY
     49   JAPAN
     54   LIBERIA
     55   MALAGASY REPUBLIC
     56   MOROCCO
     57   MEXICO
     58   NORWAY
     59   NEW CALEDONIA
     61   NEW ZEALAND
     62   PAKISTAN
     64   NETHERLANDS
     65   PERU
     66   PHILIPPINES
     67   POLAND
     68   PORTUGAL
     74   UNITED KINGDOM
     76   CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
     77   SWEDEN
     86   THAILAND
     88   TUNISIA
     89   TURKEY
     90   UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
     91   SOUTH AFRICA
     92   URUGUAY
     93   VENEZUELA
     94   VIETNAM
     95   YUGOSLAVIA